Dry eye occurs when the ocular surface is not adequately lubricated, because tears are either insufficient or evaporate too quickly. Screen use, air-conditioned environments, contact lenses, some medications and systemic diseases can all contribute.
Eye allergies are an exaggerated response of the conjunctiva to allergens such as pollen, house-dust mites and animal dander. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis can be severe, particularly in children.
Signs and symptoms
- Burning, stinging or a gritty sensation
- Itching — the hallmark of allergy
- Redness and watering
- Increased eye strain at screens
- Vision that fluctuates during the day
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves tear film tests (Schirmer test, tear break-up time), ocular surface staining and assessment of the eyelid margins.
Treatment options
- Artificial tears
- Lubricating drops, gels and ointments that protect the ocular surface.
- Lid hygiene
- Lid margin cleaning and warm compresses, particularly in meibomian gland dysfunction.
- Anti-inflammatory treatment
- Drops such as cyclosporine to reduce ocular surface inflammation when needed.
- Punctal plugs
- Tiny plugs that help tears stay on the eye longer.
- Allergy treatment
- Antihistamine and mast-cell stabiliser drops, and advice on allergen avoidance.
Frequently asked questions
Why is eye rubbing harmful?
Frequent, vigorous eye rubbing can weaken the corneal tissue and contribute to the development or progression of keratoconus. Treating itch is therefore important, especially in children with allergies.
The information on this site is general and does not replace an examination, diagnosis or treatment.